Erik Erikson s Stages Of Psychosocial Development

This theory is the third of eight parts to Erik Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development. Erikson states that we progress through these eight stages of development in a fixed order with each stage involving a crucial event or predicament that must be overcome in order to progress to the proceeding stage. This event takes place during a critical period within the individual’s development, thus if it is negatively resolved then it will prevent optimal development into the following stages however if it is positively resolved then the individual will advance normally. The manner in which we progress through each stage shapes our personalities and abilities, as even if we negatively complete a stage, we still pass through it, however the consequences are revealed later on in the next stage and so forth. This particular stage of development, initiative vs. guilt refers to the time where children during the ages of 3 to 6 begin â€Å"asserting control and power over thei r environment by taking initiative through planning activities†. In addition, the initiatives â€Å"allow them to begin to view and understand the cause-effect relationships between their actions and the consequences of them† (Children’s Life Online, Avi Luxenburg). During this stage, the child feels a sense of guilt when they take a negative initiative and are punished for it. The goal of this stage is for â€Å"feelings of guilt to be transformed into feelings of remorse† (Children’s Life Online, Avi Luxenburg). TheseShow MoreRelatedErik Erikson s Stages Of Psychosocial Development1695 Words   |  7 Pages Erik Erikson was born in Frankfurt,, Germany, in 1902. He was raised by his mother and stepfather and never knew his biological father. Throughout his life he struggled with his identity and felt that his stepfather never fully accepted him. After meeting Anna Freud the daughter of Sigmund Freud in Vienna, he decided to pursue a career in psychoanalysis. He received a diploma from the Vienna Psychoanalytic Institute however he never received a formal degree all of his knowledge was based on hisRead MoreErik Erikson s Stages Of Psychosocial Development1318 Words   |  6 Pagesbe discussing is Erik Erikson’s ‘Stages of Psychosocial development’ theory and Diana Baumrinds ‘Parenting Styles’. Stages of Psychosocial development Erik Erikson’s theory emphasizes the search for identity during the adolescent years (Feldman, 2013). His ideas were greatly influenced by Freud, going along with Freud’s (1923) theory regarding the structure and topography of personality (McLeod, 2008). Erikson’s theory is broken down into eight different stages. The first stage is ‘Trust-vs.-mistrust’Read MoreErik Erikson s Stages Of Psychosocial Development891 Words   |  4 Pagespeople still treat you like a child. Since high school, I’ve been interested in psychology, a topic many people engage in because as humans, we all naturally try to learn more about ourselves as a whole, but also as individuals. Erik Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development mark the eight points people go through from infancy to elder hood. Based on Erikson’s theory, twenty year olds are at the end of adolescence where we wonder who we are and what we can be, as well as being at the beginning of Read MoreErik Erikson s Stages Of Psychosocial Development1756 Words   |  8 PagesCurrent Developmental Stage: According to Erik Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development, Neveah is in middle adolescence, which is focused on the conflict of identity verses role confusion (Ashford LeCroy, 2010). The developmental characteristics of middle adolescents include sexual identity, role experimentation, moral development, and self-discovery (Ashford LeCroy, 2010). Adolescents are evaluating how they fit into society and more specifically their social sphere. During this time,Read MoreDevelopmental Psychologist Erik Erikson s Stages Of Psychosocial Development1729 Words   |  7 PagesDevelopmental psychologist Erik Erikson changed the way that people viewed the psychosocial development in humans throughout their lifespan. Using the foundation provided by Freud’s psychosexual stages, he modified the concepts to where they demonstrated external impacts on development as well as making it more about emotional conflicts than necessarily physical drives. This eight-stage theory is sequ ential, and requires the person to overcome conflicts in each stage to become a productive memberRead MoreCognitive Development And Erik Erikson s 8 Stages Of Psychosocial Development1788 Words   |  8 Pages Jean Piaget’s 4 stages of Cognitive Development and Erik Erikson’s 8 stages of Psychosocial Development Developmental is understood as the act or process of developing; progress such as child developmental. When children go through the process of developing, they all develop the same regardless of what state or country there from. The way children develop has been studied by two psychologists’ name Jean Piaget and Erik Erikson and they both develop a theory of how children developRead MoreErik Erikson s Eight Stages Of Psychosocial Development1428 Words   |  6 PagesErik Erikson’s eight stages of psychosocial development are very well known in the world of psychology. These eight stages deal with critical situations that we go through in life from infancy to late adulthood. â€Å"Throughout life we go through various stages during which we meet ever changing psychosocial challenges – the completion of these stages prepares us to move on to the following stages (Erikson’s Stages Through Identity).† This makes sense because we go through life making decisions in orderRead MoreErik Erikson s Theory Of Psychosocial Development884 Words   |  4 PagesErik Erikson Erik Erikson was born June 15, 1902. Erikson is best-known for his famous theory of psychosocial development and the concept of the identity crisis. His theories marked an important shift in thinking on personality; instead of focusing simply on early childhood event, his psychosocial theory looked at how social influences contribute to personality throughout the entire lifespan. Erik Erikson died May 12, 1994 due to prostate cancer. (Erik Erikson, 2015). Stages of Psychosocial DevelopmentRead MoreErikson’S Contributions To Human Development. Erik Erikson1033 Words   |  5 PagesErikson’s Contributions to Human Development Erik Erikson was a man whose interests varied widely. He studied art and a variety of languages during his schooling. He did not prefer the atmosphere of formal schooling and decided to travel around Europe instead of going to college (â€Å"Erik Erikson†, 1997). He then returned to Germany for art school and later on taught to children who had come for Freudian training. He became Boston’s first child analyst and obtained a position at Harvard Medical SchoolRead MoreErik Erikson s Stages Of Development1608 Words   |  7 Pages The Psychosocial Development The View on Erik H. Erikson s Stages of Development Frank Phan Cosumnes River College Psychology 300 Abstract This paper will touch over the aspects of Erik H Erickson s eight stages and how they affect everyday lives from infancy to adulthood. The paper will go over the approximate ages and the psychosocial crisis that they will eventually come to. Neglecting a child can lead to a cause of mental negligence in the form of Arrested Development. Within different Erik Erikson s Stages Of Psychosocial Development 20 is a strange age, you don’t have the excuse of being a teenager to fall back on but people still treat you like a child. Since high school, I’ve been interested in psychology, a topic many people engage in because as humans, we all naturally try to learn more about ourselves as a whole, but also as individuals. Erik Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development mark the eight points people go through from infancy to elder hood. Based on Erikson’s theory, twenty year olds are at the end of adolescence where we wonder who we are and what we can be, as well as being at the beginning of early adulthood where we have formed most of our identity but are also now trying to find love and where we fit into the world. Much of my work revolves around identity, domestic spaces and human condition because they are elements that everyone is forced to deal with in their lifetime, which brings me to the first artist, Rene Magritte. I officially fell in love with Magritte in 2013 at his retrospective at MoMA. I was really drawn to Magritte because he used everyday scenes and objects and alters them in a way that was obviously unnatural but not to the point of being considered fantastical. By depicting these common moments or objects in a minimalistic way, Magritte forced people to take notice of the world around them yet not in an overwhelming manner. In a sense, I feel like Magritte and myself both are literally and conceptually making a world of our own based on the reality thatShow MoreRelatedErik Erikson s Stages Of Psychosocial Development1695 Words   |  7 Pages Erik Erikson was born in Frankfurt,, Germany, in 1902. He was raised by his mother and stepfather and never knew his biological father. Throughout his life he struggled with his identity and felt that his stepfather never fully accepted him. After meeting Anna Freud the daughter of Sigmund Freud in Vienna, he decided to pursue a career in psychoanalysis. He received a diploma from the Vienna Psychoanalytic Institute however he never received a formal degree all of his knowledge was based on hisRead MoreErik Erikson s Stages Of Psychosocial Development953 Words   |  4 Pagesthird of eight parts to Erik Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development. Erikson states that we progress through these eight stages of development in a fixed order with each stage involving a crucial event or predicament that must be overcome in order to progress to the proceeding stage. This event takes place during a critical period within the individual’s development, thus if it is negatively resolved then it will prevent optimal development into the following stages however if it is positivelyRead MoreErik Erikson s Stages Of Psychosocial Development1318 Words   |  6 Pagesbe discussing is Erik Erikson’s ‘Stages of Psychosocial development’ theory and Diana Baumrinds ‘Parenting Styles’. Stages of Psychosocial development Erik Erikson’s theory emphasizes the search for identity during the adolescent years (Feldman, 2013). His ideas were greatly influenced by Freud, going along with Freud’s (1923) theory regarding the structure and topography of personality (McLeod, 2008). Erikson’s theory is broken down into eight different stages. The first stage is ‘Trust-vs.-mistrust’Read MoreErik Erikson s Stages Of Psychosocial Development1756 Words   |  8 PagesCurrent Developmental Stage: According to Erik Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development, Neveah is in middle adolescence, which is focused on the conflict of identity verses role confusion (Ashford LeCroy, 2010). The developmental characteristics of middle adolescents include sexual identity, role experimentation, moral development, and self-discovery (Ashford LeCroy, 2010). Adolescents are evaluating how they fit into society and more specifically their social sphere. During this time,Read MoreDevelopmental Psychologist Erik Erikson s Stages Of Psychosocial Development1729 Words   |  7 PagesDevelopmental psychologist Erik Erikson changed the way that people viewed the psychosocial development in humans throughout their lifespan. Using the foundation provided by Freud’s psychosexual stages, he modified the concepts to where they demonstrated external impacts on development as well as making it more about emotional conflicts than necessarily physical drives. This eight-stage theory is sequ ential, and requires the person to overcome conflicts in each stage to become a productive memberRead MoreCognitive Development And Erik Erikson s 8 Stages Of Psychosocial Development1788 Words   |  8 Pages Jean Piaget’s 4 stages of Cognitive Development and Erik Erikson’s 8 stages of Psychosocial Development Developmental is understood as the act or process of developing; progress such as child developmental. When children go through the process of developing, they all develop the same regardless of what state or country there from. The way children develop has been studied by two psychologists’ name Jean Piaget and Erik Erikson and they both develop a theory of how children developRead MoreErik Erikson s Eight Stages Of Psychosocial Development1428 Words   |  6 PagesErik Erikson’s eight stages of psychosocial development are very well known in the world of psychology. These eight stages deal with critical situations that we go through in life from infancy to late adulthood. â€Å"Throughout life we go through various stages during which we meet ever changing psychosocial challenges – the completion of these stages prepares us to move on to the following stages (Erikson’s Stages Through Identity).† This makes sense because we go through life making decisions in orderRead MoreErik Erikson s Theory Of Psychosocial Development884 Words   |  4 PagesErik Erikson Erik Erikson was born June 15, 1902. Erikson is best-known for his famous theory of psychosocial development and the concept of the identity crisis. His theories marked an important shift in thinking on personality; instead of focusing simply on early childhood event, his psychosocial theory looked at how social influences contribute to personality throughout the entire lifespan. Erik Erikson died May 12, 1994 due to prostate cancer. (Erik Erikson, 2015). Stages of Psychosocial DevelopmentRead MoreErikson’S Contributions To Human Development. Erik Erikson1033 Words   |  5 PagesErikson’s Contributions to Human Development Erik Erikson was a man whose interests varied widely. He studied art and a variety of languages during his schooling. He did not prefer the atmosphere of formal schooling and decided to travel around Europe instead of going to college (â€Å"Erik Erikson†, 1997). He then returned to Germany for art school and later on taught to children who had come for Freudian training. He became Boston’s first child analyst and obtained a position at Harvard Medical SchoolRead MoreErik Erikson s Stages Of Development1608 Words   |  7 Pages The Psychosocial Development The View on Erik H. Erikson s Stages of Development Frank Phan Cosumnes River College Psychology 300 Abstract This paper will touch over the aspects of Erik H Erickson s eight stages and how they affect everyday lives from infancy to adulthood. The paper will go over the approximate ages and the psychosocial crisis that they will eventually come to. Neglecting a child can lead to a cause of mental negligence in the form of Arrested Development. Within different Erik Erikson s Stages Of Psychosocial Development Current Developmental Stage: According to Erik Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development, Neveah is in middle adolescence, which is focused on the conflict of identity verses role confusion (Ashford LeCroy, 2010). The developmental characteristics of middle adolescents include sexual identity, role experimentation, moral development, and self-discovery (Ashford LeCroy, 2010). Adolescents are evaluating how they fit into society and more specifically their social sphere. During this time, friends, social groups, and cultural trends greatly impact the adolescent. According to Gibbs (2015), at this stage in development it is critical to be valued and accepted by a peer group. To evaluate Neveah’s stage of development, her ethnicity, immigration, and history of childhood abuse must be taken into consideration. According to Ashford and LeCroy (2010), adolescent immigrants face the unique challenge of fulfilling their sense of belonging, while facing issues of acculturation and minority status. As t hey seek to develop their own identity, they must combine the norms, values, and culture of their minority status and the dominant Caucasian culture (Ashford LeCroy, 2010). Adolescent immigrants face more discrimination as well as are hyper-cognizant of their differences in appearance and language (Ashford LeCroy, 2010). According to Chicchetti and Toth (1995), child maltreatment effects the development of attachment and affect regulation. They further state that studiesShow MoreRelatedErik Erikson s Stages Of Psychosocial Development1695 Words   |  7 Pages Erik Erikson was born in Frankfurt,, Germany, in 1902. He was raised by his mother and stepfather and never knew his biological father. Throughout his life he struggled with his identity and felt that his stepfather never fully accepted him. After meeting Anna Freud the daughter of Sigmund Freud in Vienna, he decided to pursue a career in psychoanalysis. He received a diploma from the Vienna Psychoanalytic Institute however he never received a formal degree all of his knowledge was based on hisRead MoreErik Erikson s Stages Of Psychosocial Development953 Words   |  4 Pagesthird of eight parts to Erik Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development. Erikson states that we progress through these eight stages of development in a fixed order with each stage involving a crucial event or predicament that must be overcome in order to progress to the proceeding stage. This event takes place during a critical period within the individual’s development, thus if it is negatively resolved then it will prevent optimal development into the following stages however if it is positivelyRead MoreErik Erikson s Stages Of Psychosocial Development1318 Words   |  6 Pagesbe discussing is Erik Erikson’s ‘Stages of Psychosocial development’ theory and Diana Baumrinds ‘Parenting Styles’. Stages of Psychosocial development Erik Erikson’s theory emphasizes the search for identity during the adolescent years (Feldman, 2013). His ideas were greatly influenced by Freud, going along with Freud’s (1923) theory regarding the structure and topography of personality (McLeod, 2008). Erikson’s theory is broken down into eight different stages. The first stage is ‘Trust-vs.-mistrust’Read MoreErik Erikson s Stages Of Psychosocial Development891 Words   |  4 Pagespeople still treat you like a child. Since high school, I’ve been interested in psychology, a topic many people engage in because as humans, we all naturally try to learn more about ourselves as a whole, but also as individuals. Erik Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development mark the eight points people go through from infancy to elder hood. Based on Erikson’s theory, twenty year olds are at the end of adolescence where we wonder who we are and what we can be, as well as being at the beginning of Read MoreDevelopmental Psychologist Erik Erikson s Stages Of Psychosocial Development1729 Words   |  7 PagesDevelopmental psychologist Erik Erikson changed the way that people viewed the psychosocial development in humans throughout their lifespan. Using the foundation provided by Freud’s psychosexual stages, he modified the concepts to where they demonstrated external impacts on development as well as making it more about emotional conflicts than necessarily physical drives. This eight-stage theory is sequential, and requires the person to overcome conflicts in each stage to become a productive memberRead MoreCognitive Development And Erik Erikson s 8 Stages Of Psychosocial Development1788 Words   |  8 Pages Jean Piaget’s 4 stages of Cognitive Development and Erik Erikson’s 8 stages of Psychosocial Development Developmental is understood as the act or process of developing; progress such as child developmental. When children go through the process of developing, they all develop the same regardless of what state or country there from. The way children develop has been studied by two psychologists’ name Jean Piaget and Erik Erikson and they both develop a theory of how children developRead MoreErik Erikson s Eight Stages Of Psychosocial Development1428 Words   |  6 PagesErik Erikson’s eight stages of psychosocial development are very well known in the world of psychology. These eight stages deal with critical situations that we go through in life from infancy to late adulthood. â€Å"Throughout life we go through various stages during which we meet ever changing psychosocial challenges – the completion of these stages prepares us to move on to the following stages (Erikson’s Stages Through Identity).† This makes sense because we go through life making decisions in orderRead MoreErik Erikson s Theory Of Psychosocial Development884 Words   |  4 PagesErik Erikson Erik Erikson was born June 15, 1902. Erikson is best-known for his famous theory of psychosocial development and the concept of the identity crisis. His theories marked an important shift in thinking on personality; instead of focusing simply on early childhood event, his psychosocial theory looked at how social influences contribute to personality throughout the entire lifespan. Erik Erikson died May 12, 1994 due to prostate cancer. (Erik Erikson, 2015). Stages of Psychosocial DevelopmentRead MoreErikson’S Contributions To Human Development. Erik Erikson1033 Words   |  5 PagesErikson’s Contributions to Human Development Erik Erikson was a man whose interests varied widely. He studied art and a variety of languages during his schooling. He did not prefer the atmosphere of formal schooling and decided to travel around Europe instead of going to college (â€Å"Erik Erikson†, 1997). He then returned to Germany for art school and later on taught to children who had come for Freudian training. He became Boston’s first child analyst and obtained a position at Harvard Medical SchoolRead MoreErik Erikson s Stages Of Development1608 Words   |  7 Pages The Psychosocial Development The View on Erik H. Erikson s Stages of Development Frank Phan Cosumnes River College Psychology 300 Abstract This paper will touch over the aspects of Erik H Erickson s eight stages and how they affect everyday lives from infancy to adulthood. The paper will go over the approximate ages and the psychosocial crisis that they will eventually come to. Neglecting a child can lead to a cause of mental negligence in the form of Arrested Development. Within different

Profound Duplicity Exhibited by Jekyll as a Reflection of...

Profound Duplicity Exhibited by Jekyll as a Reflection of the Victorian Way of Life The Victorian society was filled with many divisions. It consisted of two extremes, the very wealthy and intense poverty. It was these divisions that contributed to the causes behind the life of Henry Jekyll to be split between the two. However, there are many other reasons as to why Jekyll wanted the best of both worlds. Within the Victorian period, there were many successes, including inventions such as the first public railway link between the coal mines of Darlington and the port of Stockton; this was built by an engineer named George Stevenson. Also was the improvements in peoples health, this was due to†¦show more content†¦Children would read the Bible and their toys consisted of those relating to Bible stories, such as Noahs Ark. Within the rich society they were conscious of their reputation, family mattered and they should have always kept a professional status, because of this idleness was most certainly a sin. Despite this it was often found that men throughout the rich, paid for prostitutes, this is just one of the examples of leading a double life. The wealthy men of Victorian times were looked upon as good family people, and had a profession in which they could always provide for their families. They would not have been able to take part in sins such as prostitutes in wealth y areas for instance Regents Park, and so would have to go elsewhere, this means starting a different life, this being the main theme of The Strange Case of Henry Jekyll and Mr Hyde, duplicity. Robert Louis Stevensons life itself reflects the idea of duplicity in his novel. He grew up in a Calvinistic household, his parents being strict, in both their home and religion. However his childhood was filled with fear and insomnia, he was often in bed down with one illness or another. Due to his long hours spent within the four walls of his bedroom, heShow MoreRelatedThe View of Human Nature Presented in Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde3064 Words   |  13 Pagesin the novel The strange case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde? The strange case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Question: What view of human nature does Stevenson present in the novel â€Å"The strange case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde†? Throughout Stevenson’s life he experienced things by looking at them in two different perspectives. He later went on to exhibit his experiences by writing a novel about split personality called â€Å"The strange case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde†. This essay will comment

Gains Perspective on Workplace Partnership †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Gains Perspective on Workplace Partnership. Answer: Introduction An employment relationship is considered as a legal link that binds an employee and an employer. This type of relationship exists between people that form the relationship in work under conditions and in return for earning remuneration. According to McDonald and Thompson (2016), employment relationship has become a major and recurring issue in the modern world as the employees lack protection based on certain factors. However, changes in rules and regulations have developed that have managed to maintain a proper relationship between employees and employers. The essay analyses these changes and the manner in which it has affected the lives of the working class people in the Australian industries. The focus is on the introduction of work choices that have helped in amending the Workplace Relations Act of 1996 have managed to contribute heavily to the changing demands of the Australian industry. The types of changes made and it effectiveness are discussed to understand the impact of the legislation in Australia. Neo-institutionalism is a political approach that covers the study of behaviour in organisations, economic growth and sociology particular in the United States. The institutional structure that rules the cultures and forms a competitive tradition in the market involves identifying the approach to this method. Based on this method approach has been made to the political scenario in Australia and the manner in which the Workplace Relations Act has been implemented in the country. According to Valizade et al. (2016) stated that managing the employees in an organisation is essential so that an organisation can remain productive. Without proper motivation, employees cannot manage to continue effective work and consequently fail to improve the success of an organisation. The concept of employment relations come into effect in this case. Employment relations help employees and employers to establish a link between the two and maintain a proper communication for the effectiveness of an organisation. Stokes, Bryson and Bewley (2017) have stated that employment relations are effective in creating rights and obligations between employee and employer. The labour laws and social security numbers that are provided judge the assessment of the rights of a worker. In this regard, it can be said that the reference for determining the nature of work of the employees are addressed by the rights and obligations it possesses towards the workers. Conway et al. (2016) stated that some of the features of the employee-employer relationship involve collective relations and interdependence on one another. A successful organisation needs a harmonious relationship to exist between the employers and the employees. This can help the organisations to gain competitive advantage and ensure that associations with the trade unions mutually exist for both the parties. However, McBride, Hebson and Holgate (2015) stated that one of the major drawbacks of the employment relations is the fact that the concept is dynamic and is still at a developing stage. Regular changes in the constitution of employers and employees contribute to the downfall of an organisation and at the same time create a mismatch between the concepts of employee and employer. The concept decays with the changes that are particularly made in the economic and social institutions. These forces try to provide shape and content to the concepts. As such, some of the parties that are involved in the employment relations in an organisation include: Employees: The employees are considered as one of the major parties in the employment relationships. This is mainly because of the fact that the employees are the chief stakeholders of an organisation and proper relationship with them can help employers continue with productive management (Godard, 2014). Employers: The employers are the major decisional heads in an organisation. For an organisation to succeed, the decisions taken by the employers in terms of recruiting, motivating, controlling and maintaining strategies are important. The relationship between the employers and employees are solely based on the manner in which they are treated. Thus, it can be said that the importance of the employers is as crucial as the employees. Unions: The union leaders act as a third and consulting party between the employees and the employers (Rosenbloom, 2014). Mostly these leaders represent the employees, however, an understanding is developed with the employers so that both parties can meet their demands. Thus, these three major parties dictate the relationships between the employees and the employers. In a competitive environment like Australia, the concept of employee relationship has had its significant impact. Bamber et al. (2015) stated that the concept of employee relationship in Australia had to follow certain rules that can help the country to maintain a proper dynamics in the employee-employer relationship. The issue of an employment relationship in Australia has become important because of the widespread phenomenon that workers are largely dependent on the employers. Other aspects include the legal activities of the country that provide narrow interpretation of the laws that exist in the country. As stated by Stokes and Wood (2016) the rules of the Australian Government need to distinguish between the objectives of the employees and the compliance and enforcement that are required for continuing with business. In this regard, an analysis can be conducted that tries to analyse the changes that have been in the laws of Australia regarding the implementation of the concept. One of the concepts that were formulated by the Government of Australia is the work choices. According to Dau-Schmidt, Finkin and Covington (2016), the name was given to the changes made in the industrial relations laws that are formulated by the Australian Government. It came into existence due to the changes that were made in the Workplace Relations Act of 1996. The amendments implemented in the act came into effect in 2006. The major aim of designing the work choices was to ensure that the level of employment and performance of the economy in Australia are maintained. Any laws that were unclear to a company were removed. For example, the laws related to the unfair termination of the employees were made clear so that no disadvantage remained for the employees (Sobral, Chambel Castanheira, 2016). Such a decision was taken by the Prime Minister of the country with the intention to reform the industrial relations law that exists in Australia. It has been seen that the Workplace Relations Amendment Act 2005 rewrites the legal laws that existed in the Workplace Relations Amendment Act 1996. The provisions of the new act took into effect during March along with three more sets of operation. The importance of this transformation is the fact that it dealt with many important issues that were a cause for concern in the Australian industry (Winter Jackson, 2014). Some of the changes that were brought about by the constitution include the formation of a sole national industrial relation system. This is in regard to the incorporated corporations so that the act of separate state and a federal system can be replaced. The establishment of the fair pay commission of Australia to determine minimum wages is another important change that had taken place in the constitution. According to Gilpin (2016), this particular change is important to assist employees to get the minimum wage that they deserve for working in an organisation. Another important change that had been implemented due to the change is the fact that the agreement that existed between the Australian Workplace Agreement and the Certified Agreements were streamlined. This provided an opportunity for increasing the length of contracts from three years to five years. Thus, the contract signed between the employers and the employees can be valid up to five years unless there is a sudden termination due to insubordination or any other misconduct. Walsh (2015) had also stated the importance of motivation and the fact that to motivate employees, non-financial rewards can be provided. The effectiveness of providing awards to the employees by reducing the number of benefits can help employees as well as the organisations. This is mainly because of the fact that the employees prefer to be recognised in the organisation to claim their self-actualisation need rather than gain benefits that does not help in increasing their reputation. At the same time, the o rganisations can also benefit by getting more productivity from the employees. Shields et al. (2015) stated that the work choice changes also put forward the condition that companies need to have a minimum of 101 employees. Once a company is in operation for six months, 100 employees are the required target that needs to be reached. Otherwise, it can be difficult for the companies to maintain its stature in the business environment. The new law has promoted the notion of exempting companies with fewer than 101 employees with the laws related to the unfair dismissal of employees. This has provided new organisations with an opportunity to be relieved from legal consequences. At the same time, secret ballots have been a necessary factor so that any decisions regarding an industry or organisation can take secretly and unanimously. Thus, these changes had brought about relief in the mind of the employees and had increased the scope of implementation of the system. The Howard Government aimed at bringing more employees under the work choices so that the power of the employees can be both constitutional as well as governmental. Some of the changes can be discussed in a more detailed manner: According to Kaufman and Taras (2016), the changes in the work choices are related to containing provisions that provide a relief from unlawful termination and unfair dissimilar from work. As stated earlier, the changes in the work choices allow companies with less than 101 workers to be exempted from any unlawful dismissal act. However, the role of the Australian Industrial Relations Commission war retained in hearing the cases that deal with the unfair dismissal of workers and unlawful termination of the workers. The case from both parties is heard and proper verdict is given without violating the changed rules as laid down by work choices. The work choices were aimed at protecting the interests of the employees and the employees were given provisions to launch complains within 21 days from the day of termination. This helped employees to gain the required verdict either in terms of employment or in terms of monetary stability. Stewart et al. (2016) stated that with the change in the work choices the passing of agreement bills had received an advantage. The Collective Agreements and the Australian Workplace Agreement needed to go through a no disadvantage test. This test was conducted to ensure that the employees suffer from no particular disadvantage while working in an organisation. The relevant awards that cover up the potential of the employees are included in this agreement and it forms a unit of a proposal. The advantage of the exemption of the no disadvantage test is the fact that the benefits of the awards provided to the employees are directed at the overall improvement of the welfare of the employees. The new work choice warrants employees to be benefited with five entitlements. These five benefits are the basic compensations that are provided to the employees so that they can benefit from working in an organisation. The five benefits include maximum ordinary working hours, annual leave, parental leave, minimum pay scales and personal leaves. Before the implementation of the work choices, the certified agreements had to be lodged directly in the Australian Industrial Relations Commission. The new changes had managed to transfer the responsibilities that can oversee the agreements and pass on the process to the Workplace Authority of the country. At the same time, the Workplace Authority had managed to transfer some of the delegations to other areas in the law such as in the Workplace Ombudsman form (Kavanagh McRae, 2017). The legislative changes managed to transfer the responsibilities that can be used to oversee the changes and the parties involved in the agreement had to lodge the agreements with the Workplace Authority. However, one drawback of the new process was that it was criticised by the people that opposed the work choices. This is mainly from the unions as the union people can get fewer opportunities to intervene in matters related to the organisation or in a manner in which drafts have been conducted poorly. Office of the employment advocates survey The new changes even stretched in the Government offices and the employment advocate had managed to conduct a survey. This survey helped in gaining an outline of the results that helped in understanding the benefits that can be gained with the implementation of the work choices legislation. The results of the survey showed that 88% of the employees abolished the rate provided for overtime. 89% of the employees abolished the shift work loading time so that they can have a good time with the family and provide efficient performance in the workplace Pekarek et al. (2017) stated that the modification of the monetary allowances was a major change in the work choice legislation of the employees. This is mainly because of the fact that the employees are said to be rewarded with recognition and other non-monetary benefits so that the finances of the organisations can be saved for a future purpose. However, despite its success in the national court of Australia, the work choices legislation had to face several criticism and anti-campaigns. National days of protest were organised that highlighted the dissatisfaction of the some of the employees. According to Lindsay (2015), the industrial relation changes that consisted of the abolition of the monetary benefits were the main reason for triggering the protests. Anti-legislation campaigns were also conducted by the unions of the organisations in protest that their roles in organisations have diminished because of the introduction of the work choices changes. Leaders such as the Labour Prime Minister of Australia also voiced oppositions against the legislation. The national protests were held for two years in 2005 and 2006 in which about 100,000 crowds from all over the country had joined the movement. Thus, such movements were one of the main reasons behind the unpopularity of the movement. According to Power (2017), one of the reasons for the unpopularity of the legislation was the fact that the unfair dismissal provided the least compensation to the employers. If an employer owns more than 100 employees during the termination of an employee, then no claims can be made regarding the finances that were spent in training and providing benefits to the employees. However, the employee had to be a regular worker that who had been with the office for a period of more than 12 months. One of the main aims of the work choices was to provide employees with an opportunity to create a balance between the trade unions and industrial tribunals. de Flamingh and Bell (2017) stated that the system was criticised keeping in mind the disadvantages that were faced by the low-earning employees and the small business sector. The abolition of the monetary system for the compensation of the employees was a major weak point for the weakness of the Australian small-scale companies. The argument was made on the fact that due to the changes, the value of the workers diminished. The motivational factors of the employees were taken away and despite the fact that the no disadvantage test was abolished and five mandatory benefits were allowed to the employees, the legislation underwent major changes that proved to be a huge disadvantage for the companies. Pekarek et al. (2017) were of the opinion that unfair dismissal of workers became a recurring phenomenon for companies having less than 101 employees. This is mainly because of the fact that these companies were exempted from the laws of the unfair dismissal and are given the authority to terminate employees if they are do not provide productivity at work. Thus, this is considered as a major drawback for the implementation of the work choices changes in the organisations. The fact that the protestant rallies headed by the Labour prime minister were conducted proved as an excess factor for the continuation and popula rity of the legislation. Conclusion Thus, it can be said that employment relations is an important factor and it is necessary that the employees and employers understand one another well enough for implementing the concept in the organisations. The major parties involved in the employment relations are the major stakeholders of a company and it is necessary that the employers ensure that the satisfaction of the employees is protected. The work choices legislation that was amended by the Workplace Relations Act, 1996 provided certain advantages for the employees. However, the reaction of the employers towards these changes was opposing and because of this, the system did not receive much popularity in the constitution and the legal system of Australia. Hence, it is necessary that the employers and employees form a mutual collaboration that can help in ensuring productivity in the business organisations. Reference Bamber, G. J., Lansbury, R. D., Wailes, N., Wright, C. F. (2015).International and Comparative Employment Relations: Globalisation, Regulation and Change. Sage. Conway, E., Fu, N., Monks, K., Alfes, K., Bailey, C. (2016). Demands or resources? The relationship between HR practices, employee engagement, and emotional exhaustion within a hybrid model of employment relations.Human Resource Management,55(5), 901-917. Dau-Schmidt, K. G., Finkin, M., Covington, R. (2016).Legal protection for the individual employee. West Academic. de Flamingh, J., Bell, C. (2017). Employment law:'Corporate avoidance'of the'Fair work Act'.LSJ: Law Society of NSW Journal, (39), 74. Gilpin, R. (2016).The political economy of international relations. Princeton University Press. Godard, J. (2014). The psychologisation of employment relations?.Human Resource Management Journal,24(1), 1-18. Kaufman, B. E., Taras, D. G. (2016).Nonunion employee representation: history, contemporary practice and policy. Routledge. Kavanagh, M., McRae, E. (2017). Employment law: Protecting vulnerable workers amendment to fair work act.Governance Directions,69(4), 241. Lindsay, R. E. (2015). Fair Work Ombudsman v Pocomwell Ltd (No 1)[2013] FCA 250.Austl. NZ Mar. LJ,29, 75. McBride, A., Hebson, G., Holgate, J. (2015). Intersectionality: are we taking enough notice in the field of work and employment relations?.Work, employment and society,29(2), 331-341. McDonald, P., Thompson, P. (2016). Social media (tion) and the reshaping of public/private boundaries in employment relations.International Journal of Management Reviews,18(1), 69-84. Pekarek, A., Landau, I., Gahan, P., Forsyth, A., Howe, J. (2017). Old game, new rules? The dynamics of enterprise bargaining under the Fair Work Act.Journal of Industrial Relations,59(1), 44-64. Power, C. (2017). The Fair Work Commission's new approach.Governance Directions,69(9), 540. Rosenbloom, D. H. (2014).Federal service and the constitution: The development of the public employment relationship. Georgetown University Press. Shields, J., Brown, M., Kaine, S., Dolle-Samuel, C., North-Samardzic, A., McLean, P., ... Plimmer, G. (2015).Managing Employee Performance Reward: Concepts, Practices, Strategies. Cambridge University Press. Sobral, F., Chambel, M. J., Castanheira, F. (2016). Managing motivation in the contact center: The employment relationship of outsourcing and temporary agency workers.Economic and Industrial Democracy, 0143831X16648386. Stewart, A., Forsyth, A., Irving, M., Johnstone, R., McCrystal, S. (2016).Creighton and Stewart's Labour Law. The Federation Press. Stokes, L., Wood, S. J. (2016). Employer Support For Worklife Balance In Recession: Findings For Britain From The Workplace Employment Relations Survey. Stokes, L., Bryson, A., Bewley, H. (2017). Older workers and the workplace: evidence from the Workplace Employment Relations Survey. Valizade, D., Ogbonnaya, C., Tregaskis, O., Forde, C. (2016). A mutual gains perspective on workplace partnership: Employee outcomes and the mediating role of the employment relations climate.Human Resource Management Journal,26(3), 351-368. Walsh, D. J. (2015).Employment law for human resource practice. Nelson Education. Winter, R. P., Jackson, B. A. (2014). Expanding the younger worker employment relationship: Insights from values?based organizations.Human Resource Management,53(2), 311-328.

Morbid Satisfaction Essays - British Films, English-language Films

Morbid Satisfaction Even in her first glimpse of Miles, the governess in Henry James's Turn of the Screw feels instant adoration and affection for the boy who she describes as innocent, at least by outward appearance. As she grows to know Miles, she develops not only an attachment towards him, but an obsession as well. The governess longs to protect Miles from "evil," to protect him from Peter Quint - a man whom she has not only never met, but who is also dead. The closing chapter of Turn of the Screw demonstrates clearly the governess' unordinary obsession to rescue Miles from what she has determined as evil. But, while the governess' supposed objective is protection, the novel ends with Miles dead in her hands. Furthermore, as she holds the child's lifeless body in her arms, the governess feels no signs of sadness or mourning but instead, mysterious content and satisfaction. The final episode of Turn of the Screw reveals that the governess' exterior and persistent desires to protect Miles conceals a more unspeakable sensual longing for the boy. Prior to her move to Bly, sexual exploration for the governess, "the youngest of seven daughters of a poor country parson," is nonexistent (295). Upon taking the new job, however, the governess - an unmarried and "anxious girl out of a Hampshire vicarage who, except in her fantasies, has never experienced intimate relationships with men - is free to immerse herself in all the opportunities for sexual experimentation available to her at Bly. The governess' desire to explore the masculine race is seen in the beginning of the novella in her eager decision to accept a job from the wealthy master, a man whose figure she becomes infatuated with and who "impressed her as vast and imposing - this prospective patron proved a gentlemen, a bachelor in the prime of life, such a figure as had never risen, save in a dream or an old novel, before a fluttered, anxious girl out of a Hampshire vicarage" (295). The development of her fixation to experience and engage in relationships with men is seen furthermore in the closing paragraphs of Chapter III when she daydreams of meeting a man while she takes a stroll, fantasizing that "it would be charming as a charming story suddenly to meet someone. I only asked that he should know; and the only way to be sure he knew would be to see it, and the kind light of it, in his handsome face" (310). The governess' departure from the "Hampshire vicarage" brings her vast opportunities for sexual exploration. She experiences a sexual awakening, overwhelmed by opportunities for relations with member of the opposite sex. Miles becomes the governess' choice as her outlet for sexual experimentation. Since her move to Bly, she has encountered at least three potential men - the master, Quint and Miles. But, because Quint, who is dead, and the master, who resides in town, are both intangible, Miles, provides for her the best means to satisfy her sexual cravings. Since the beginning of the novella, visions of Quint have consistently emerged during times when the governess worries about her relationship with Miles. Quint appears initially in Chapter III just after the governess meets Miles for the first time, as she is contemplating the potential ramifications his dismissal from boarding school could have on their relationship. Later, in Chapter IV, the governess becomes troubled again while pondering Miles' alleged wrongs and sees Quint a second time. Quint's appearance serves as an instrument to measure the governess' confidence in her relationship with Miles. Visions of Quint emerge during times when the governess feels distant from Miles, at times when she fears she could be losing Miles in some way. Quint's appearance gives the governess a false sense of comfort that Miles' unwillingness to open up in their relationship is simply a result of the threat that Quint poses on it, not any fault of her own. Conversely, Quint's appearance is not evident during times when the governess is satisfied with her relationship with Miles. In the final episode of the novella, the governess, who is preoccupied by the anticipation of Miles' possible reaction to her abrupt and blunt questioning, sees Quint's

Eastern Philosophy vs. Western Realism Essays

Eastern Philosophy vs. Western Realism Essays Eastern Philosophy vs. Western Realism Paper Eastern Philosophy vs. Western Realism Paper Where people are born seems to have tremendous Influence upon how they think. After reading both the philosophies of Ala-Thus and the Buddha, I can say they are very different from what I have learned growing up In the States. It seems that both of these teachings of eastern thought have many of the same ideas. Both Ala-Thus and the Buddha seem to believe that a simple life is more efficient. They suggest that people should provide for themselves only the necessities and not worry about luxury or power and prestige. In their writings, they say that rulers of a society would let people control their own actions and only intervene when absolutely necessary. After living under a capitalist democracy for all of my nineteen years, I must say their philosophies would be difficult to adapt to. Our society rewards hard work and initiative; we are taught to strive for success. Eastern philosophy doesnt seem realistic because It goes against the Initiative In human nature. It seems people would have to go against their emotions to follow these eastern teachings. The first discrepancy I see In eastern philosophy Is their thoughts on the roles of a societys leader. It seems that they play the part of a referee In a football game; they only Intervene when someone does something wrong. They dont really show their authority unless it is completely necessary. In western thought, a leader is there to set laws and make decisions that will directly affect those under them. Teddy Roosevelt promoted himself as the President who, Spoke softly but carried a big stick, which is a prime example of the emphasis placed on power in western thought. It seems to me that with all the laws we have, we have a great amount of people who break them. I think if we lived under a system based on eastern philosophy, with less Evans 2 authority given to those In power, we would see a large Increase In crime. I dont think society as a whole would be able to handle being ruled so unobtrusively because of the malicious tendencies many people have naturally. People need certain boundaries if chaos is going to be avoided. Ala-thus and the Buddha also seem to promote a system of equality in their teachings. Ala-thus says that the success of the rich provides for the downfall of the poor and he seems to think that the upper class corrupts society (stanza 34, peg. 5). They think that if people arent concerned with prosperity, they will be much more content. This seems to go against everything I have ever learned; in western philosophy people are very concerned with success. People work hard to go to good schools, and then they work hard in school to get better Jobs. Nothing in western society comes easy; If you want to accomplish something, It takes hard work. It seems to me that this Is a much better policy than that of eastern thought. Western society seems to be based on a survival of the fittest system, while easterners believe In savageness and equal opportunity. Their system would require people to hold back, to settle Tort second nest; It doesnt seem to play to ten nature AT unmans well. Do people prefer doing things that dont come naturally? Of course not, we want to be able to follow our emotions; we want to fulfill our inner needs. If we were forced to give up the opportunities of success and power, what would we live for? Eastern philosophy suggests that people shouldnt want anything more than they have. How could we survive if we have nothing to work for?

Give Thanks - Activities to Teach Your Students

Give Thanks - Activities to Teach Your Students Thanksgiving is the perfect time to teach students the importance of being grateful and giving thanks. Its very common for children to disregard the significance of the little things that go on in their daily life. For instance, being grateful for having food, because it keeps them alive, or being thankful for their house, because that means they have a roof over their head. Children tend to think of these things as everyday occurrences, and not realize the importance they have on their life. Take time this holiday season and require your students to think of every aspect of their lives and why they should be thankful. Provide them with the following activities to help them have a better understanding of why its important to be grateful, and how that can impact their life. A Simple Thank You Card Something as simple as making a homemade thank you card is a great way to teach students to be grateful for what they have received. Have students make a list of specific things that their parents do for them or things their parents make them do. For instance, I am thankful my parents go to work to make money so I can have food, clothes and all the basic necessities in life. or I am thankful my parents make me clean my room because they want me to live in a healthy environment and learn responsibility. After students have created their list of things they are thankful their parents do for them, have them choose a few phrases and write them in a thank you card. Brainstorming Ideas: I am thankful my parents make me do the dishes because that means we have food to survive.I am thankful my parents make me take care of my dog because that means my dog is happy.I am thankful my parents have a job because that means we have money to survive. Read a Story Sometimes reading your students a story can have a profound impact on how they view something. Choose any of the following books to show students the significance of being grateful. Books are a great way to open up the lines of communication and discuss this subject matter further. Book Ideas: The Firefighters Thanksgiving, by Maribeth BoeltsThanks for Thanksgiving, by Julie MarkesGiving Thanks, by Jake SwampGiving Thanks, by Sarah FischThanksgiving is for Giving Thanks, by Margaret SutherlandGrateful, by John Bucchino Write a Story A creative way to expand on one of the ideas listed above, is to write a story about why the students are thankful. Have students look over the list they created when they brainstormed for their thank you card, and choose one idea to expand into a story. For example, they can create a story centered around the idea that their parents work in order for them to survive. Encourage students to use their imagination and provide details from their real life, as well as ideas that they make up. Field Trip to a Shelter The best way for students to really be thankful for that they have in their life, is to show them what others do not have. A class field trip to a local food shelter will provide the students with the opportunity to see, that some people are thankful for just having food on their plate. After the field trip, discuss what they saw at the shelter, and make a chart about things students can do to help people in need. Discuss why they should be grateful for what they have, and how they can say thank you to the people that mean the most to them.

Is genetic engineering ethical right Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Is genetic engineering ethical right - Essay Example Ethics is concerned with what is right or what is wrong. Defining ethics for stem cell research is quite challenging. Researchers and scientists have been focusing on the risks of the stem cell research and any issues and concerns that are raised by the general society. Some researchers claimed that they do not know exactly where to draw the line regarding ethics in stem cell research when scientists organized a panel to discuss the ethical issues that may arise in this field (Nathan, 2006). Situational ethics depend on the situation of something at a given time and applying the moral principles to what has been done to determine whether it is right or wrong. Situational ethics do not have adherence to specific rules and is based on the greater good. The person has to do what is right morally to achieve the goals of situational ethics. However, there are some things which are deemed good but they are wrong in some ways. This makes such things to be rejected by some people despite agr eement that they have sustainable solutions. For example, the stem cell research is widely accepted by all people. However, the source of the stem cells is considered wrong as it increased immorality (Oxford Dictionaries, 2013). On the other hand, Utilitarianism ethics which are also known as consequential ethics are based results of an action. If the consequences are good, then the consequences are morally right but when the consequences are bad, then the act is termed as morally wrong. In the stem cell research, the use of blastocysts as source of stem cells leads to death of the expected child. As it is widely believed, the life of a person starts immediately the sperm fuses with an ovum. As such, when a blastocyct is used, the embryo that would have grown to be fetus and a child is killed (Sinnott-Armstrong, 2012). Stem cell research can change the medical field dramatically, by providing cure for genetic diseases but has been faced with a number of situational and consequential ethical issues which have to be addressed to maximize on the benefits of this field. Embryonic stem cell research is based on undifferentiated cells in the blastocysts. This is a round ball like structure which is formed immediately after fertilization of the egg by the sperm. Its formation starts in the fifth day after fertilization when the zygote has settled on the wall of the uterus. Blastocysts are made up of cells which are to form all the parts of the body during the pregnancy. As such, the cells are differentiating at a very high rate. Since most of the cells are not differentiated, they can be used by scientists and researchers to form any part of the body. The fact that there are many undifferentiated cells that can be obtained from a single blastocyct makes the scientists and researchers to prefer them for stem cell research. Blastocysts for obtaining stem cell research are obtained in several ways. One, scientists and researchers are said to have agreements with abortio n clinics. The agreement is for the clinics to surrender viable blastocysts to the scientists and researchers within a given period of time. In this case, when the clinics come across aborted embryos that would be good candidates for obtaining stem cells, they store them and pass them to the stem cell research laboratories for obtaining the cells. The situational ethical question here is whether it is morally right to take

An inconvenient truth (Movie report) Movie Review

An inconvenient truth ( report) - Movie Review Example Some men heeded Marsh’s call and forest reserves were established soon after. Meanwhile, John Muir, founder of the Sierra Club helped in the establishment of the Yosemite and Kings Canyon National Park because he believed that all living things had a part to play in the subsistence of the whole world, and must be preserved because they exist. From these early efforts sprung worldwide environmental organizations calling for a more ethical use of the earth’s resources. By 1972, out of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, the Stockholm Declaration was born The Declaration recognized man as both a â€Å"creature and molder† of his environment, acknowledged the role of the environment in the sustainability of mankind, and mandated man to protect his environment (United Nations Conference on the Human Environment). It demanded accountability in all citizens and communities, enterprises and institutions to shape the future of the environment. From the early awareness of the importance of nature to man’s survival came an understanding that the Earth is a living being. In 2010, the Earth Declaration (World People’s Conference on Climate Change and the Rights of Mother Earth) afforded Mother Earth with equal rights as humans. It was perhaps the first document to compel nations to reco gnize the interdependence of life on the planet and that â€Å"in an interdependent living community it is not possible to recognize the rights of only human beings without causing an imbalance within Mother Earth† (World People’s Conference on Climate Change and the Rights of Mother Earth). I mention these developments in the environmental movement because I wish to believe that climate change will not end the world, instead, it will help man discover who he truly is. George Mash once said, The fact that, of all organic beings, man alone is to be regarded as essentially a destructive power, and that he wields energies to resist which,

Video-based training programs Essay Example for Free

Video-based training programs Essay Video-based training programs are being implemented at an ever-increasing rate across the country. While this type of training should certainly not be the only method that is used to train your employees, it is very effective and can offer significant advantages over other training methods. ADVANTAGES There are many advantages to video-based training. However, only the most significant ones are discussed here. Save Development Time. You can shorten your training cycle because you will have the ability to deliver â€Å"just-in-time† training where and when you need it. Facilitation materials with activities and discussion points can be used in whole or in part to create training events that run anywhere from one to four hours. Add Variety to the Delivery Mix. Workshops and lectures can become routine and boring. Video provides a change of pace and can add an entertainment factor that is not possible in a live presentation. Videos can also be used to supplement a face-to-face workshop to stimulate discussion, demonstrate concepts that could not otherwise be presented, and provide meaningful examples of the topic at hand. The more the senses are engaged in the content, the more the participants will learn. Build a Resource Library. Building a video and/or DVD library allows you to offer a broader range of training. You will no longer be limited to custom in-house development or scheduled classroom events. Trainees can check out a DVD or access video training online. RECOMMENDATION Video-based training materials save your organization time and money, and they make your business look progressive. Because they help build learning retention, they can also improve the return on your training investment. The next step should be a formal review of your training needs and an evaluation report to be completed by a professional video-based training firm with a proven track record.

Comparing Barn Burning and Pauls Case :: comparison compare contrast essays

Barn Burning and Paul's Case The stories "Barn Burning" written by William Faulkner and "Paul's Case" written by Willa Cather both have two separate characters with very similar troubles. Each has a uniquely sad narrative. "Barn Burning" is a sad story because it not only shows the classical struggle between the underprivileged and the privileged classes, but also the struggle between a father and his son, Sarty. Together, these two boys share comparable lifestyles. Each has conflicts with his father, fantasize of a wealthier existence, and flee from the tribulations in his life. Sarty's main dilemma is his loyalty to his family, which collides with his disappointment and suppressed dislike for his own father. He tends to hide his feelings by denying the facts, "our enemy he thought in that despair: ourn! mine and his both! He's my father!" (Faulkner 171). Sarty appears to be fearful of his father: "If I would have said they wanted only truth, justice, he would have hit me again. But now he said nothing. He was not crying. He jut stood there." (Faulkner 173) In comparison, Paul and his father also have conflicts and Paul too seems to be afraid of his own father. He decides that he would much rather spend the night in the cellar of his house than go inside and face his father. Paul does not feel as much at home when he is at his father's house as he does at Carnegie Hall where he works as an usher and spends most of his time. Paul's teachers and his father believe his working at the theater affects his schooling. As a result, Paul's father takes him out of school and forces him to work for a company referred to only as the firm of Denny and Carson as an office boy. Paul's dream to live like the stars is taken away when his father forbids him to work, visit, or go anywhere near the theater. It is at Carnegie Hall that Paul became struck by the glitter and the starlight of the stage. He is not star struck in the sense that he wanted to perform in any way; he is simply content to observe others' performances.

The incidences of alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence

The incidences of alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence seem to be higher than anticipated.   In alcohol dependence the problems seem to be more severe than alcohol abuse.   Family history does seem to play an important role in the initiation and progression of alcohol use, along with external factors.   In Western Countries, the incidences of alcohol consumption are higher due to the cultural implications.In these cultures, alcohol use in fact begins during the teenage period. The incidences of alcohol related problems have reduced over the past few decades in the US, due to increased awareness levels.   The incidences of alcohol abuse and alcohol dependences are higher in males than females, although females develop it more easily than males.   Alcohol consumption was higher in the Europeans than the American and other communities.During the management of alcohol-related disorders, alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence has to be differentiated properly using the DSM-IV-TR c riteria.   Treatment should be initiated after determining the needs of the individual.   It would be logical to provide counseling sessions and motivating the patient to become alcohol-free.   Counseling and short-term administration of medications, play a very important role during treatment.Hospitalization may be required for a few days to help the individual refrain from the habit.   The individual may develop certain symptoms while abstaining from alcohol initially which slowly reduce with time.   The risk of relapses following treatment is very high.   Hence, it would be advisable to keep a constant check on the individual.20 % of the individuals admitted in mental hospitals have suffered either alcohol abuse or alcohol dependence.   It affects individuals from all socio-economic backgrounds.The prevalence of alcohol dependence in the US Colleges was 6%, and alcohol abuse was 20%.   At least 15000 students die a year due to alcohol disorders.   Alcohol depend ence and alcohol abuse puts the individual at a very high risk to develop depressive disorders, panic disorders, anxiety disorders, mood disorders, mania, schizophrenia, etc (Schuckit, M. A., 2005).Alcohol dependence is a condition in which the repeated presence of three out of 7 impairments, alcohol can have over life and normal functioning, during a 12-month period.   The impairments of defects in functioning include tolerance, withdrawal symptoms, interference with normal functioning at school, workplace, home or in social setting, physical and psychological symptoms, etc (According to the DSM-IV-TR).There is a difference in withdrawal developing separately and that developing in association with dependence.   Withdrawal symptoms that develop separately can follow a severe course.   When withdrawal is present in relation to depression, a milder course is followed.   Individuals without alcohol dependence may not be considered as alcohol abusers (Schuckit, M. A., 2005).In alcohol abuse, the individual may not be dependent on alcohol but develops a constant problem related to alcohol use during a 12-month period (such as legal, social, work-based and family problems, and using alcohol in dangerous environments).   At least one or two of the 4 areas are present in abuse (Schuckit, M. A., 2005).The DSM-IV-TR code for alcohol abuse is 305.00, and that of alcohol dependence is 303.90.The background characteristics of alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence remain the same that is a family history of alcohol misuse or dependence.   It may be as high as 80 %.   The ICD has offered an alternate classification of alcohol dependence.   It suggests 3 out of 6 areas, in difference to the DSM-IV-TR classification of 3 out of 7 areas (Schuckit, M. A., 2005).The prevalence of drinking is relatively high in America, and about 90% of the population drink.   They usually start during early or mid-teens.   About 80% of the people drink when they complete high school.   About 60% go to the extent of intoxicating themselves with alcohol.   On an average, two out of three men drink in the US (Schuckit, M. A., 2005).Individuals who are educated and have a higher socio-economic background drink more frequently.   Amongst religious groups, Jewish minorities consume the most, but do not develop alcohol dependence often.Conservative groups drink less compared to liberal groups.   American-Indians drink more quantities of alcohol compared to other groups.   Adults on an average consume about 2.2 gallons of absolute alcohol per annum.   At the time of American Revolution, this figure was as high as 5 gallons.   During the 1970’s, the figures significantly increased as trends were high and awareness was low.A study conducted to determine the long-term effects in about 500 middle-aged males demonstrated that one-fourth to one-third had alcohol-related problems.   One-third drove under the influence of alcohol, and about one-fi fth did not attend to school due to frequent hangovers or disciplinary problems.   However, studies have shown that people tend to learn something out of the less severe alcohol-related problems.Thus, the alcohol-related problems have reduced in the 30’s, 40’s and 50’s age groups.   The life time risk for alcohol dependence is 10 to 15% in males and about 3 to 5 % in females.   Alcohol dependence usually develops in the age group of 20 to 40 years.Thy somehow tend to hold on to their jobs, family relations and social functioning.   If alcohol dependence in teenagers is reported, the incidence of associated antisocial personality disorders is high.   Sometimes alcohol dependence can begin late in life, and in such circumstances is associated with reduced social problems (Schuckit, M. A., 2005).Europeans consume the most amount of alcohol a year, especially the northern European countries.   About 90% of the teenagers consume alcohol during their schoo l days.   This rate was much higher compared to the US.   Most Europeans drink by the age of 12 or 13 years.   In Denmark, the incidences of alcohol consumption were particularly high in female teenagers.The incidences of Binge drinking (drinking large amount of alcohol within a short period of time to the extent of intoxication) were high in the UK, Denmark and Ireland.   The main reason for this was merry-making.   The Irish tend to spend the most on drinking, with Denmark a distant second.   Relatively, lower amounts of money were spent on alcohol by people belonging to Norway, Sweden, Finland and Iceland (Finfacts Ireland, 2007).Throughout history, alcohol has played a role in the economic, social, medicinal, cultural, religious and spiritual sectors of life.   The nomadic Rechabites did not drink wine because they felt that it was associated with bad agricultural habits.   Prophet Mohammed did not allow his devotees to consume alcohol.Ancient Egypt considered al cohol a source of energy and nutrients.   In fact, their alcohol contained several nutritional supplements that helped to treat nutritional deficiency disorders.   Alcohol has been utilized by a medicine by several cultures.   Several studies have demonstrated it effect in lowering the incidences of coronary heart disorders, cancer and bone-degenerative disorders such as osteoporosis.   It had also been during the early days of medicine to control pain during surgeries.   Even today, several alternative forms of medicine use alcohol as a solvent in their medicinal preparations, and also as a painkiller.   Alcohol is often utilized as a social lubricant, and can improve the taste and appetite for food.   Many communities consider that alcohol should not be a problem because it has been misused only by a small number of people.   It was beneficial to greater numbers of the society (Hanson, D. J., 2005).

Business Ethics Reflection Essay

In any organization workers can face ethical dilemmas. On a daily basic people are posed with ethical dilemmas and have to decide to making the correct or the wrong choice. Some may not realize but we make ethical work choices at times and may not even realize it. For instance you are late to work and they have already been given a final warning. When we come in no one is there to notice that you are late. Do you get in and start working as if you were on time, or do you clock in where your time will be documented and recorded that you were late. This situation is one that my fellow coworkers face on daily basics. I have noticed that when posed with this ethical choice they choose to do what is correct for them, not necessarily what is correct by the organization. We may see if as covering our own behind, but it actually violates ones business ethics. What some may not realize is that business ethics and personal values mirror each other very closely. In business they ask the same as society, no lying, stealing or cheating. Take responsibility and do what is correct, make the correct decision. The only question is who do you make the correct decision for, you or the company. In that situation most have choose to look out for self. When it comes down to making ethical choices that may put one self at risk people chose themselves over the business. This is when personal values may come into play. To do correct by whom, yourself or the company that you work for? In most personal value one would say to always look out for self first. So in their book the decision to not let anyone know that they were late does just that. Moral concepts are very similar to values, its one innate ability to do what is correct with in. The same is with virtue, Virtue-based ethical theories place less emphasis on which rules people should follow and instead focus on helping people develop good character traits (Cline). There are many external pressures that could have influenced the decision to cover ones behind and not tell anyone that they were late such as the current economical status. If the country is not doing well economically and people find it hard to obtain a good job within a reasonable amount of time. Then one would defiantly choose to violate business ethics. Other external pressures could be their current financial state. People that are in better than average financial positions or are financially stable. I could continue to list other external situations that could affect a person’s ability to make what they may view as the correct business decision verse the best moral decision for one self. If placed in a similar situation I would choose to look out for self. When I reflect on my bringing and what I was taught I was always taught to do what is best for me and my family. Regardless of who may be affected, making sure that my family was always taken care of came first. Although it may not be the best choice for all involved, it is the best for me and mine. At the point that I am in life I make my decision very wisely. I first think about who is going to be affected by the choice that I make. If I would choose to tell that I was late and face being terminated and that would put my family at risk for some financial instability. I know that many choice that we are forced to make in our business life can be unethical when it comes to work. But in our personal life they are considered to be ethical as well as morally correct choices. When it comes to decisions they will never be what is best for all. All members in the party want to make the choice that is best for them. Virtue, value and moral concepts are what people choose to live by to help them guide them in their personal and professional lives.

Free Essays on America’s Educational Infrastructure

America’s educational infrastructure is the embodiment of all social programs plagued with fundamental flaws. The problem is that I see far too many problems, yet offer few answers. Today’s educational systems seem so trendy and political. It almost seems like we should not get comfortable with any one way of doing things because policies and procedures change so often. My own philosophy is one that many people have heard of, â€Å"If it’s not broken, then don’t fix it!†. Upon reading some of the views towards education, I gathered a few ideas. Each philosophy is presented very attractively. And why not? The people who set forth these particular ideas were very passionate about what they believed in. Unfortunately, we could all debate about the different philosophical views of education until we are blue in the face. This still doesn’t actually make any one opinion better than any of the others. We all have opinions, but what we need is common ground between them. Hopefully, that is what my educational philosophy stands for. I would like to start off with the subjects we study in school. Subjects should be functional to today’s world. Our educational system is far more diverse today than it has ever been, and our subject matter should reflect that. The reality of the subjects studied in school, should also reflect upon the reality in each student’s environment. Reality can change, because environments change. Textbooks and literature become somewhat obsolete after a while because our culture changes so rapidly. That is not to say that classic pieces of literature are not of use in the classroom, but each literary product presented in the classroom should hold some information that is relatively useful for all of the students. I believe that religion is something for outside of the classroom. There are far too many religious beliefs in the world to accommodate all of them, so that is an area best left alone. This le... Free Essays on America’s Educational Infrastructure Free Essays on America’s Educational Infrastructure America’s educational infrastructure is the embodiment of all social programs plagued with fundamental flaws. The problem is that I see far too many problems, yet offer few answers. Today’s educational systems seem so trendy and political. It almost seems like we should not get comfortable with any one way of doing things because policies and procedures change so often. My own philosophy is one that many people have heard of, â€Å"If it’s not broken, then don’t fix it!†. Upon reading some of the views towards education, I gathered a few ideas. Each philosophy is presented very attractively. And why not? The people who set forth these particular ideas were very passionate about what they believed in. Unfortunately, we could all debate about the different philosophical views of education until we are blue in the face. This still doesn’t actually make any one opinion better than any of the others. We all have opinions, but what we need is common ground between them. Hopefully, that is what my educational philosophy stands for. I would like to start off with the subjects we study in school. Subjects should be functional to today’s world. Our educational system is far more diverse today than it has ever been, and our subject matter should reflect that. The reality of the subjects studied in school, should also reflect upon the reality in each student’s environment. Reality can change, because environments change. Textbooks and literature become somewhat obsolete after a while because our culture changes so rapidly. That is not to say that classic pieces of literature are not of use in the classroom, but each literary product presented in the classroom should hold some information that is relatively useful for all of the students. I believe that religion is something for outside of the classroom. There are far too many religious beliefs in the world to accommodate all of them, so that is an area best left alone. This le...

Satire, Parody, and other Forms of Ridicule

Satire, Parody, and other Forms of Ridicule Satire, Parody, and other Forms of Ridicule Satire, Parody, and other Forms of Ridicule By Maeve Maddox Writers have been raising laughs by ridiculing people and human behavior since at least the time of the Greek dramatists. Here are some terms to describe types of ridicule intended to make us laugh and, maybe, think. satire (n.) This broad term applies to literature that blends criticism, wit, and ironic humor with the aim of ridiculing or rebuking someone or something. The target of satire can be person or thing. Jonathan Swifts savage essay A Modest Proposal targets the Irish landowning system. In our own time the government and individual politicians are favorite targets of satire. The verb is satirize. parody (n.) A parody is the imitation of a created work. Originally the word referred to a written work, but now it can also apply to graphic art or music. A parody is not necessarily intended to ridicule, but it often does. Mel Brookss SpaceBalls is a parody of George Lucass StarWars. Stephen Colberts TV persona is a parody of an ultra-conservative talk show pundit like Bill OReilly. Alexander Popes The Rape of the Lock is a parody of a Homeric epic. Artist Michael Ian Weinfeld has created a parody of the famous Obama Hope poster: the Pope poster. Pianist Victor Borge made audiences laugh with parodies of the classics. Similar to a parody is a travesty. I think of the difference in that the parody is intentionally silly while the travesty is unintentionally so. The Pyramus and Thisbe play in A Midsummer Nights Dream is intended by Peter Quince and the other workmen to be serious, but their lack of acting skill makes it funny. caricature We usually think of a caricature as a drawing, but the word can also refer to written descriptions that exaggerate the peculiarities of the person being ridiculed. Tina Feys impressions of Sarah Palin were caricatures. Cartoons of Walter Mathau exaggerate the size of his nose. Bobble-heads of celebrities are caricatures. lampoon A lampoon is a virulent attack on an individual. It can be written, or in the form of a drawing. In the early years of the United States, political lampoons were both common and vicious. Our own political cartoons can be seen as lampoons. The word is more frequently used as a verb nowadays, often preceded in its past participle form by the modifier unmercifully. burlesque The word burlesque has various meanings, one of which is a strip-tease show. In the context of satire, however, a burlesque is an outrageous imitation of something that is supposed to be taken seriously. Peter Schickeles P.D.Q. Bach inventions are examples of musical burlesque. spoof, take-off, send-up -all informal words for parody Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Writing Basics category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Wether, Weather, WhetherPeace of Mind and A Piece of One's MindGrammatical Case in English

Businness Continuity Plan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Businness Continuity Plan - Assignment Example The managerial strategy is shaped according to the internal environment of the organization. In the modern era, every business organization performs in a dynamic environment where the external factors are constantly changing and unpredictable. The primary goal of all companies is to achieve their set goals and objectives, and all strategies pertaining to this attainment is subjected to situations both internal and external to the organization. The external factors include political and economic conditions of the country along with customers, competition and technology. The concerned print shop is connected to the internet by satellite link. In this case, the external threats can be in the form of viruses or worms that are generally spread through the internet. Internal threats may occur when an employee steals any information. In many cases external threats may happen due to internal factors. For instance, if an employee, knowingly or unknowingly passes on business information in soc ial media sites then any foreign entity can send an innocent looking email to employee’s profile which if the employee opens can infect the entire system and compromise the shop’s network (Cole, 2012, p.88). Therefore, the need is to keep track of all kinds of threats and adopt protection accordingly. It is important for any manager to identify risks of the concerned business and take practical steps not only for daily activities but also for the future of the company. Managing risks can become extremely difficult if the manager does not take into confidence the owner of the shop. As a manager it is my duty to remind the owner the significance of an effective risk management tool. Communication is another important aspect of risk management. Therefore, my principle focus is on communication to the employees about the current events that can affect the smooth operation of the shop. It is not possible for a manager to work along without

Jonesborough, Tennessee a Community Project Research Paper - 1

Jonesborough, Tennessee a Community Project - Research Paper Example The percentage of the population in Jonesborough with a bachelor’s degree and higher is 25.70%. Over 30% of the population are high school graduates. Over 90% of children 3 years and above attend school. Out of the 2179 households in Jonesborough, there are 1522 household families, 654 households are non-family, 603 are households have children and 1573 households have no children. The average household size in Jonesborough is 2.34. The annual residence turnover in Jonesborough is 16.96% (usa.com, 2010) The median household income for Jonesborough is $44,436. The per capita income is $25,765. In 2012, the unemployment rate in Jonesborough was at 6.3%, which is lower than the national average. The percentage of residents earning an income below the poverty level in Jonesborough is 25.6% a higher percentage compared to the states figure, which is 22.3%. The percentage of children living below the poverty level in Jonesborough is 33.1%. The University of Tennessee reports that al though the number of uninsured adults dropped to 11.2% in 2012, the number of uninsured children in Jonesborough community rose to 2.7% from 2.4%. In Washington County, the average health care cost is $10322. Looking at the health behaviors in Washington County approximately 28% of the adult population smoke, 29% of the adult population are obese, 29% are physically inactive (Countyhealthrankings.org, 2012). In Washington County, the number of premature deaths per 100, 000 of the population is 9028. According to usa.com, the median travel time to work in Jonesborough is 18.84 minutes. Data show less than 1% of the population utilize public transportation. 96% of Jonesborough population drive. Two percent of the population walk or cycle and 1% of the population walk home. The air pollution index of Jonesborough is 105 while its carbon monoxide index is 76. The lead index is 184. Environmentalist rate the good air quality in Jonesborough at 82%.  

Concept of Loyalty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Concept of Loyalty - Essay Example Loyalty is the exhibition of characteristics of commitment and devotion in order to strengthen a business or personal relationship. The concept of loyalty has its roots in all fields of life. A loyal person values the importance of faithfulness and dedication in carrying out daily activities of life. Loyalty always has a high appraisal value whether a person proves it to a person or to the organization for which he or she works. If we talk about loyalty in personal relationships, it is a fact that loyalty helps the people involved in a relationship build trust, faith, and confidence in each other. Whereas, in case of business relationships, loyalty plays its considerable role in strengthening the business terms between the involved parties. Loyalty not only shows its value in personal or business relationships but also it plays a critical role in the success of an organization or a business firm. The concept of loyalty is applicable to the employees as well (Green). Loyal employees a nd loyal customers make a firm grow and achieve reasonable market share. Employee loyalty is integral for the success of a business. Employees’ efforts, devotion, and dedication to their job responsibilities make a company reach a good position in the market and if the employees of a company will not be loyal to their company, the company will not be able to prove its worth in the market. It is true that a loyal employee is a key towards a company’s success.

The Implementation Of Erp At Tektronix Information Technology Essay

The Implementation Of Erp At Tektronix Information Technology Essay The Tektronix Inc: Global case study is a classic example of a case where an iconic leader with his team of motivated leaders and sponsors manages change by empowering and guiding people. Even though the ERP project was not an easy task, clear focus, planning and the executive push from the top meant the project was executed on a priority and various challenges tackled at the right time. In addition, the accomplishment of an ERP normally considered as a biggest information system project ever completed by a corporation (Whitten et al., 2000, Ehie and Madsen, 2005, Vlachopoulou and Manthou, 2006, Hitt et al., 2002). This case study also highlights the crucial role that business processes and business process reengineering play in the success of a global organisation. Additionally what is remarkable is the successful international implementation and rollout across divisions and geographies. Lets look at the various aspects of the ERP rollout at Tektronix one by one. The biggest challenge for any such initiative or a project is the management of change and the associated people management for such a large transformation project. This is in line with Grabski and Leech (2007) view that implementation of an ERP and associated BPR is not unchallenging. However, Carl Neun seems to manage this change as a true leader who is experienced and aware of challenges of change management (Westerman et al., 1999). Change management is a planned approach to causing people to accept transitions to develop operations (Joyce, 2000). Lets look at the change aspect of the project first and how the transformation from a legacy system to new generation ERP was successfully run. I am using the framework based of Harvard Business Review on Leading through Change. In John P Kotters (1995) article on Why Transformations fail, he highlights the eight steps to successful transformation of a organization as: Establishing a sense of Urgency Neun being an experienced CFO and an able leader knew that in order for the project to succeed and to link up the organization with an ERP system and create an ecosystem where information was available needed a sense of urgency to be created. He understood that for Tektronix to move forward and to invest and divest in various businesses, it needed to be connected via an information system else the company was headed for disaster. As Grabski and Leech (2007) stated that one approach to overcome this issue is investing in advanced information system, such as Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems, to improve the business competitiveness. Moreover, the dwindling financial performance was a factor to create the sense of urgency required. The impetus from Roy Barkers goal to double the printer business and also the realisation that the printer business would be volume game created the urgency for Tektronix to be ready with an IT system that would support growth. Forming a powerful guiding coalition Neun and his senior management team were the powerful guiding coalition that was assembled by the CEO. In the case study it is mentioned that the CEO had given Neun the unlimited authority on implementation and the buck stopped with Neun with regards to the ERP implementation. Neun then selected his long time associate Bob Vance as the CIO. Along with the business justification from Roy Barker, the team become a powerful guiding coalition and the individuals worked together as a great a team. Creating a vision Carl Neun knew his end goal was to create an organisation where information was readily available and could be shared easily. He wanted to simplify the complexity and address change by removing archaic processes and systems. Neuns Frankfurt is Orlando analogy was the vision of the project. It highlighted that the business all over the world was similar barring language and certain local legal requirements. To support this, Bingi et al. (2002) believed that Integration through ERP systems allows organizations to share information in a standard format across its various divisions both in the headquarter and in its global offices, with no modifications for language and currency differences needed. Carl very clearly expanded his vision toward the implementation as with three components of a) separability of businesses b) leveraging shared services c) staying plain vanilla as possible, as alterations could lead to budget and time overruns, defective functionality (Sumner, 2000). Standardi sing the business processes was a key component of Carls vision and he was focussed to ensure that complex processes were simplified to the maximum possible extent. Communicating the vision The vision was communicated first by getting the business heads such as Barker to back the plan. Once he had raised the concerns other managers and senior managers joined in the cause. Carl and Vance took the lead to communicate the vision by first explaining their ideas of the simplified architecture of the transformed information system. They also took pain to simplify and push for standardisation. The idea of starting with implementation at CPID and then moving onto other divisions also gave the opportunity for the learnings at one place to be applied to the next one, as noted by Rogers (1995) that the adoption of a new system will follow an S curve by having innovator or early adopter organisations taking the lead, followed by early majority, late majority adopters, then at last laggards. This approach helped to teach the new behaviours as the guiding coalition was at the forefront of the change and were leading by example. Empowering others to act on the vision The key component for empowering others to change include a) Getting rid of obstacles to change b) Changing systems and structures that seriously undermine change c) Encouraging risk taking and non-traditional ideas, activities and actions. As identified by Ahadi (2006) as the change management effectiveness in the organisation. He asserts that the ability of the organisation to authorize employees, appraise performance, apply reward systems, conduct training and education and facilitate communication during the process of change is crucial. Carl Neun was empowered by the CEO to take the project through and the empowerment trickled down to the level of execution. This allowed the CIO and his team to put extra people, fire people who were acting as hindrance to the implementation. In addition the team structure put in place and the roles ensured that the projects in various geographies rolled up together very well in a coherent way. The key hindrance to success was lack of financial information and Carl Neun took the right steps to simplify the business processes and reduce disparities across the world and then put in the ERP system, which would enable the change. He shuffled the European organisation structure and chang ed it to commission basis as it would allow for the changes to be made swiftly and removal of the country managers helped the cause further. Planning for a creating Short Term wins The key to success of the Tektronix ERP implementation was the implementation of the project in waves. The concept of allowing the project to be implemented in waves did in turn create short-term wins where people and teams could see things were working. Not only did implementing the project in waves allowed for it to be implemented well but also allowed the learning from previous waves to be carried out into further projects. That is allowing what is known as windows of opportunity (Tyre and Orlikowski, 1994) to develop where the users would discover novel and better ways to carry out their daily work after implementation which could be fed back to the global group in other divisions. Consolidating improvements and producing still more change Once the first wave was successful the leadership team kept moving in to implement the changes across the organisation and across geographies. The credibility that came from implementing the first wave was used to push forward the further waves as the momentum picked up as things started to work. One very interesting aspect was the Neun and Vance decision to use consulting support for the implementation of the project. I think it was a great idea that saved the internal teams and people coordinating the project valuable time that would have been spent learning the nuances of Oracle ERP, as argued by Olsen and Saetre (2007) that the users of an ERP system may not fully be familiar with system and thus utilise it. It took the right call by allowing the firm that developed an interface between its manufacturing system and oracle to give it the rights to sell/license the interface. All these successful implementations of the one wave after another gave the momentum to keep pushing the change further and ensuring that the change agents were constantly at work on the key vision of Frankfurt is Orlando. The learning from every wave was useful and the managers were quick on their feet. They consolidated improvement to produce change and whatever was not working in a wave was changed and the successful behaviour then became a part of the next wave. For instance when the consulting firm called into help CPID was not helping, they quickly moved onto a combination of Aris, Oracle and other consultants to speed up the lost time. The project management team teamed up consultants with Tektronix staff who took the charge of business change while the consultants were given the responsibility to deal with system deals. The case clearly illustrates how the first wave was used to consolidate improvements and produce further change. While the implementation at CPID took a little longer than expected, it was considered successful. With this first domestic implementation, Tektronix was able to learn powerful lessons, build internal skills, and establish practices that helped with all of future implementation waves. Institutionalising new approaches The new business processes were thoroughly discussed before being implemented in different decisions and catered to the individual needs of each business unit. The senior team at each business unit understood the needs of the business unit and institutionalised the new approaches to doing business. Large scale project implementation and strategic alignment Tektronix managed a large-scale project very well despite lots of previous difficulties with regards to implementing other IT projects. However this one was a success because of the understanding and the vision of Neun and Vance to ensure that the business processes were simplified, as Hammer (1990) stated that the projects success involving companies investing in IT to develop their business, was usually not attained as the IT was only used to expedite existing processes. This process of alignment of the IT strategy and Business strategy is key to successful performance for any organisation as highlighted in the MIT90S (Scott Morton, 1991) and Strategic Alignment Models (SAM) (Henderson and Venkatraman, 1992). SAM suggests that for firms to be competitive, business and information strategies need to aligned (Avison et al., 2004). Henderson and Venkatraman (1992) have clearly demarcated the various domains in their strategic alignment model as shown below in the figure. They have highlighted the importance of internal and external perspectives and how the strategic fit between these aspects influences the competitiveness of firms. The key perspective that comes of the SAM is the straightforward relation between Business strategy and Business Infrastructure and IT strategy and IT infrastructure and processes. Also the cross dimensional alignment between Business Strategy and IT Infrastructure, IT strategy and Business Infrastructure and Processes is key to competitiveness. Fig 1: Strategic Alignment Model (Source: Henderson and Venkatraman, 1992) Looking at the case study it becomes apparent that Carl Neun understood the principle of a successful global organisation and his vision clearly brought together the functional integration as well as cross dimensional alignments. He knew that business processes needed to be reengineered first. As Skok and Legge (2002) acknowledged that the success of an ERP implementation is attained with preceding implementation of BPR. Accordingly, the business processes needed to be simplified and then the appropriate IT infrastructure and IT systems and processes to be put in place to get the benefits that Tektronix was seeking from the IT alignment. The strategy of implementing the project in waves was crucial to the success of the project and also the project team structure was the right structure for successful implementation of such a large project. Looking at the project management strategy, I feel that the team structure of Neun being the Project sponsor and Vance spending considerable time on the project in detail was very important. The local implementation was the guiding factor on how to move ahead with the implementation even though the global implementation had its own challenges as argued by Ross (1999), that overabundance of distinct and independent systems in different parts of the organisation impeding globalization. Program management and giving team members the authority and power to decide on the critical aspects that affected their business the most was a smart project management decision. I am particularly impressed by the structure at the local implementation where for each wave there were functional experts, change control team, Functional sub team and most importantly the test team. Each wave at the different business units had its peculiarity and different business processes depending on the structure and the need of the individual business units. If we look at the role of Functional experts who were allocated to each wave to ensure that all the essential knowledge and remained with the implementation teams till the final wave. As it has been highlighted that this led to postponement of some initiatives because other initiatives also depended on the availability of the most knowledgeable resources. I believe that this was the right strategy even though that led to delay of initiatives that were to be started; the waves that were on were implemented successfully. The project and program management of Neun and Vance must be commended, as they understood that they could not afford delays in projects. All project management is a delicate balance of the resources, time and cost as sides of a triangle. Affecting one has impact on the others. So when the projects were facing delays the management did not shy in putting in more consultants on the project. The team structure of leaving the system aspects to external consultants was a g ood decision as it freed up the business people and Tektronix experts to focus on the business processes and the knowledge aspect rather than having to understand the deep technical aspects or the architectural nuances of the ERP system. Software selection and extending the software functionality Tektronix has already seen the worse effects of the not invented here with regards to the software and infrastructure solutions. Neun made the right call with going for the Oracle ERP solution. Neun understood the outsourcing advantage and also the core competency of Tektronix was not at developing software solution. He left the development of the software and implementation to the right experts. Vance took the right decision with regards to the manufacturing ERP and leaving it in place. Had the manufacturing system been taken off and Oracle ERP components used, then it would have been a challenge as the people in manufacturing who had recently undergone a systems change would be swamped by the next change wave and would feel unsettled. I think this was the best decision taken to get an external company to do the interface between manufacturing ERP and the Oracle ERP. Vance and Neun also did not waste eons of time on deciding the alternatives and which ERP package to select. Such evaluation programs usually cost organisations lots of money and they highlight trivial differences between the best of the breed packages. The decision taken to go ahead with the oracle implementation, as the team was Neun and Vance had experience of working with Oracle and knew that the oracle solution would cater to the needs. The idea of using a small dedicated team that focussed on the capabilities of what Oracle could do and the time they spent upfront on ensuring that Oracle could do what was required for Tektronix shows the discipline and focus from top to bottom to get a solution working for the organisation. Another laudable aspect of the software implementation was the plain vanilla approach adopted by the Neun. His understanding that software adaptation and customisation not only costs money and time but also introduces other behaviours that need to regression tested showed a mature thinking with regards to software customisation and development . Instead he focussed on simplifying and adapting the business processes such that they could be realised in the plain vanilla implementation of the software. Only in special and rare cases was customisation allowed and then also where customisation was done, the teams were dedicated to rigorous testing and testing with full load scenarios to ensure that the customisation did not introduce any unintended errors and behaviours. Nevertheless, Markus et als (2000) studies of businesses implementing ERP observed that some adjustments to the system were unnecessary after the users began using it more effectively. The implementation move to using Aris and Oracle consultants once the Tektronix team were sure on what sort of consultants were useful showed the ability of the business and implementation leaders to take the best decisions for the business. They cut out the slack and unnecessary admin overheads related to evaluating consultants, interviewing and employing them. The idea to use consultants on a time and material basis was a smart idea on keeping the project on time. Use of low cost resources and contractors kept the project costs in rein and the putting of extra consultants on waves where a delay could occur, shows dedication and commitment to ensure roll outs happen in time and are successful for the projects. Replicating this success to the international level and using the waves methodology is commendable. The project team and execution structure for the international project was exemplary. The idea to do away with the country managers and keep a simple structure as the global structure was exemplary for the global project management. In fact selection of individuals who had long term ties and understanding of the global regions was the right approach taken by the program management team. Also the idea to create a central processing centre in Marlow was an excellent idea towards consolidation. Keeping English as the language of communication for the company was a sensible decision that fast tracked the implementation. Personally I feel that the brilliant job done at customisation for the printing of bills and local communication was hitting the nail on the head in terms of implementation. At the time when the project was implemented localisation was still picking up as a technology domain and would have taken much longer than expected. The consolidation of the infrastructure was another bold move which was taken by Vance; outsourcing the data centres completely freed the valuable resources and the company could focus on the core work of making the implementation a success. It was exemplary how they managed to pull off the whole thing together as a success. The results were satisfactory and when the people quoted that they spent 90% of their time just collecting data and only 10% analysing it. The whole situation changed after then implementation as people spent 90% of their time analysing information which was the core purpose of the implementation was to make information readily available and convert data into information. The Tektronix team did an excellent job. Conclusion I believe that the job was successful and what Tektronix needs to do for further implementations and such large programs is to keep the spirit and the learnings from the Oracle ERP implementation. One area that they need to pay a lot of attention would be the evolving business process framework and pay special attention to the management of Business processes. Going further in time with complex business needs and changing customer requirements and global environments would require Tektronix to adapt the business processes and if Tektronix paid special attention to keeping the business process framework up to date and then use it to drive the software changes it will keep things in control. The best way to do so would be to have process owners and process sponsors who are in charge of maintaining and consulting the stakeholders on process changes and then keep the process architecture of the organisation updated. This will ensure all further projects could experience similar success i f the right team structure and leaders are engaged.